Indian Navy’s indigenous submarine programs gather steam

Military & Secret Tech / memoment editorial

India’s homegrown submarine projects Project 76 and Project 77 are confirmed to be in the design stage even as Project 75(I) in collaboration with TKMS and Project 75(AS) with Naval Group are in various stages of progress.

Indian private firm Larsen and Toubro (L&T) and state owned Mazagon Docks Limited (MDL) are the two major firms involved in India’s submarine programs.

While L&T partnered with Navantia to offer the S80 for P75I, MDL tied up with TKMS and got selected to offer a design which can be described as a Type 214I. TKMS and MDL announced commencement of official contract negotiations for P75(I). P75I is a successor to P75 as planned in the 1990s. All six Kalvari class Scorpene submarines under P75 have been inducted, with efforts to integrate an AIP by DRDO and L&T facing delays. While the original plans as mooted during the conception of P75 were delayed and changed, the more recent plan to integrate the first submarine INS Kalvari with a domestic AIP plug has also been delayed. Currently, the second submarine INS Khanderi is likely to be fitted with the plug in 2026-27. The energy module is slated to be ready by December 2025 which then has to be integrated with a plug and inserted in the SSK during refit. New heavyweight torpedoes by DRDO will also be integrated.

Meanwhile TKMS is in talks with Indian firms for various systems required to be indigenized for the P75I program. On September 3, TKMS signed an MoU with VEM Technologies for collaboration in the field of heavyweight torpedoes along with Atlas Electronik. TKMS will also integrate its own AIP for the P75I, a key requirement that contributed to the delay in the program.

Artist rendering showing the future P75(I) submarine. TKMS image.

The first submarine under P75I will take seven years to deliver with 45% indigenous content while the sixth submarine will have 60% indigenous content. The delays to the P75I program, long lead time and high cost amidst Indian Navy’s aging undersea fleet led to the genesis of the P75(AS) program. Under this, three more modified Kalvari class submarines would be built by MDL, providing a stopgap to P75I and shoring up the Navy’s submarine fleet strength. While the contract was expected to be signed by March 2025 by the end of that financial year, that never occurred and the project is currently in limbo. Thus, surviving India’s glacial yet intense procurement process is the next hurdle for both the P75(AS) and P75I programs.

Work on an indigenous SSK program called P76 was known to have picked up steam in 2024, with the Chief of Naval Staff stating that preliminary work was underway on P76. L&T is confirmed to be part of the design process along with the Navy’s Directorate of Naval Design (Submarine Design Group) (DND-SDG). Six submarines are planned with a top L&T official stating that the design phase can be completed by 2026-27, with the first submarine produced in six to seven years and all six delivered in ten years. It is all but certain that the P76 program will be built in much larger numbers than currently envisaged given the expanding requirements of the Navy. A recent 15 year roadmap had included development of several key components for an Indigenous Conventional Submarine. P76 SSKs are likely to displace around 3000 ton and will be armed with indigenous torpedo tube launched cruise missiles.

Launch of MDL’s experimental midget submarine Arowana in 2024 (Photo by MDL)

Both MDL and L&T are developing capabilities for conventional submarine design by designing midget submarines. MDL launched its midget submarine “Arowana’ in May 2024 as a proof of concept, while stating that MDL is simultaneously working on development of design of full scale indigenous conventional submarine by 2028. MDL had revealed later in 2024 that several subsystems for P76 will be developed in-house by 2028, while in 2023 an MoU was signed with the DND-SDG for collaboration in R&D of technology and equipment for submarine applications.

L&T had started the design process in 2017 for a midget submarine based on Indian Navy requirements for special operations. The design known as SOV400 is currently on offer to the Navy. Capable of carrying eight commandos, the SOV400 has a displacement of nearly 500 tons. The 45 meter long submarine has a crew of 12 and is propelled by an electric motor. The submarine has two 533mm torpedo tubes. The Navy has a requirement for two midget submarines but the project has seen little progress. The SOV400 design continues to evolve, with defence news channel Chakra, which interviewed the senior L&T official mentioned previously, recently showing a design which has several differences compared to previous exhibits.

L&T SOV400 (Screenshot via Chakra)

The development of two P77 SSNs has been sanctioned with the current projection being for building six submarines under the program. The first submarine is expected to be delivered by 2036-37. L&T is confirmed to be a key partner in this project. The firm has been a part of India’s secretive SSBN program as well. Both P76 and P77 are expected to have high indigenous content of about 95%.

The Navy continues to progress its XLUUV and HEAUV programs, with the latter being developed by DRDO and CSL. The induction of these AUVs are expected to enhance the Navy’s underwater capability in the coming years when the crewed submarine fleet strength will remain concerning. Currently, 12 XLUUVs and up to 20 HEAUVs are required by the Navy.

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Evening Brief: Suspected Kirk Shooter Uncooperative With Authorities, Arab Officials Meet in Doha, London Erupts in Violence

Military & Secret Tech / memoment editorial

Utah Governor: Charlie Kirk Shooting Suspect Refuses to Talk, But His Partner Is
Utah Governor Spencer Cox isn’t mincing words about the man accused of gunning down conservative activist Charlie Kirk at Utah Valley University. Twenty-two-year-old Tyler Robinson was hauled in on Friday, and since then, he’s offered law enforcement nothing—no confession, no cooperation, not even a breadcrumb.
But Cox says Robinson’s inner circle is telling a different story. His roommate and romantic partner—reportedly currently transitioning from male to female—has been, in Cox’s words, “extremely cooperative.” Far from being seen as being in on the act, the partner has handed over communications, context, and insight that investigators say is helping them piece together how a radicalized 22-year-old wound up pulling the trigger at a political rally.
Cox called the killing “a direct attack on America,” and he’s not exaggerating. Shell casings at the scene bore engraved messages from an online “meme culture” steeped in the kind of fringe internet swamps where Robinson reportedly spent his time—Reddit backwaters, Discord servers, and the darker digital rabbit holes that warp grievances into violence.
What makes this case even uglier is the motive—or lack of one. Right now, investigators are sifting through Robinson’s digital footprint and questioning family and friends to understand how he got there. Formal charges were expected to land the Tuesday after his arrest.

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China’s Victory Day Parade Was a Live-Fire Syllabus for Future War

Military & Secret Tech / memoment editorial

The message from Beijing: mass, machines, and math
On Sept. 3, 2025, Beijing rolled out an 80th-anniversary Victory Day parade that wasn’t nostalgia—it was a forecast. Under a sky full of contrails and camera drones, China showed leaders like Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong Un exactly how it intends to fight: at scale, across domains, and with algorithms riding shotgun. The guest list alone told the story, but the hardware on Chang’an Avenue did the real talking.
What showed up: from nuclear triad to drone swarms
As reported by Reuters and others, China publicly paraded all three legs of a nuclear triad for the first time—air-launched Jinglei-1, sea-based JL-3, and land-based DF-61/DF-31/DF-5C—alongside a cabinet full of anti-ship and land-attack missiles, including YJ-17/19/20, CJ-20A, CJ-1000, YJ-21, DF-17, and DF-26D. That mix pairs reach with speed and complicates U.S. warship survival math in the first island chain.
It wasn’t all big rockets. Columns of uncrewed systems rolled by—quadcopters mounted on armored vehicles, uncrewed surface craft, and long-range underwater drones such as the HSU100/AJX002. Equally notable: a layered counter-drone “triad”—missile-gun trucks, high-power microwaves, and truck-mounted lasers like OW5-A50—a cost-per-shot answer to the FPV era.
China also debuted a new Type-100 “intelligent” tank with an unmanned turret and baked-in automation—state media’s way of saying AI is moving from PowerPoints into steel. Whether that intelligence is wartime-ready or not is another question, but the intent is clear.

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“The Accident”: How a Cosmic Misfit Helped Solve a Planetary Mystery

Military & Secret Tech, Space & Science, UFOs & Disclosure / memoment editorial

In 2020, a citizen scientist spotted a faint object approximately 50 light-years from Earth while working on the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 project. The object displayed unusual characteristics that set it apart from other known stars and brown dwarfs, earning it the nickname “The Accident.” A detailed study of its atmosphere has now provided new insight into the formation of clouds on giant gas planets.
Using data from Chile’s Gemini South telescope and NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers detected silane (SiH₄) in The Accident’s atmosphere. This simple molecule, composed of silicon and hydrogen, has long been predicted to help seed clouds in the atmosphere of giant gas planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Yet after decades of searching, silane had never been confirmed anywhere until now, in a brown dwarf that formed billions of years before the gas giants.
A Strange Brown Dwarf
Brown dwarfs occupy a middle ground between planets and stars; they are too massive to be considered planets, but not massive enough to sustain nuclear fusion like stars. Estimated to be 10 to 12 billion years old, The Accident formed during a time when the universe primarily consisted of hydrogen and helium and contained relatively few other elements. Its combination of characteristics has puzzled astronomers, as it displays features typical of both younger, warmer brown dwarfs and colder, ancient ones, making it particularly notable among other brown dwarfs.
Due to its unusual light signature, The Accident was not detected by standard search techniques and was only identified through the efforts of a citizen scientist. Following the identification of the brown dwarf, NSF NOIRLab astronomer Sandy Leggett used Gemini South to capture additional near-infrared images of The Accident for further assessment. In turn, these new images guided NOIRLab astronomer Aaron Meisner to conduct more detailed investigations with the James Webb Space Telescope to explore the object’s atmospheric depths.
The Silane Surprise
Analysis of data from the James Webb Space Telescope revealed a previously unseen chemical signature. Silane’s presence in The Accident’s atmosphere is the first confirmed detection of this compound in any planetary atmosphere, brown dwarf, or elsewhere in the Solar System.
“Sometimes it’s the extreme objects that help us understand what’s happening in the average ones,” said Jackie Faherty of the American Museum of Natural History, lead author of the new study published in Nature.
Finding silane in the atmosphere of The Accident is key to understanding the formation of clouds on other planets. This discovery provides the first strong observational evidence that silane plays a role in cloud formation, supporting earlier predictions about cloud chemistry and its importance to planetary weather and structure.
The Secrets of Age
The Accident’s chemistry is connected to its age. Formed in the early universe, when elements such as oxygen and carbon were less abundant, its chemistry allowed silicon to bond with hydrogen and create silane. Due to its light weight, silane rises into the upper atmosphere, making it accessible to telescopic observations.
In contrast, planets such as Jupiter and Saturn formed much later, in environments rich in oxygen. In these conditions, silicon typically forms heavier compounds with oxygen, which settle deeper in the atmosphere and are not visible to telescopes. This difference explains why silane has not been detected in our Solar System, despite extensive searches.
One of the NEOWISE surveys, showing the strange object zooming past potential brown dwarf candidates; this prompted Dan Caselden to nickname this oddity “the Accident.” (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Dan Caselden, 2021)
A Happy Accident
Resolving a key chemical puzzle, this finding also demonstrates that examining rare cosmic phenomena, such as The Accident, can deepen our understanding of planetary science in general. Studying exceptional cases allows researchers to improve models so they more accurately reflect common planetary types.

The work further sheds light on the complexity of exoplanet atmospheres, helping to explain why gas giants with comparable sizes and masses may still exhibit dramatically different characteristics, depending on how they formed.
The findings of this study also highlight the importance of teamwork in astronomical research. Initial data came from ground-based observatories, including Gemini. The James Webb Space Telescope, equipped with superior sensitivity, subsequently verified the chemical findings. Additionally, the unusual feature in the survey data was first noticed by an attentive citizen scientist.
As Faherty and her team point out, findings like this show that chemical processes from the early universe continue to shape the planets we study today. By examining the atmosphere of a single faint brown dwarf, astronomers have addressed a gap in planetary science and gained a new perspective for understanding gas giants in our own Solar System.
Austin Burgess is a writer and researcher with a background in sales, marketing, and data analytics. He holds a Master of Business Administration and a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, along with a certification in Data Analytics. His work combines analytical training with a focus on emerging science, aerospace, and astronomical research.

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Did Volcanic Eruptions Support Life on Ancient Mars? New Research Says It’s Possible.

Military & Secret Tech, Space & Science, UFOs & Disclosure / memoment editorial

Volcanic activity may have given rise to life on Mars, according to a University of Texas at Austin-led research team investigating how a greenhouse-like effect on the Red Planet long ago could have produced habitable conditions.
The early Martian climate remains a mystery to planetary scientists, but Martian meteorites offer some clues. In a new study published in Science Advances, computer modeling was used to help make predictions about the climate of ancient Mars, which would have been favorable to simple life.
Modeling A Climate for Life on Mars
The team conducted 40 simulations, modeling the chemistry, concentrations, and temperatures of early Mars to estimate the presence of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur-based gases. The results contradicted earlier studies that pointed to a sulfur dioxide–rich atmosphere. Instead, the models suggested sodium sulfide, disulfur, and potentially sulfur hexafluoride dominated. These chemically reduced forms of sulfur are highly reactive, with sulfur hexafluoride acting as a powerful greenhouse gas. This unexpected mix, the team says, may have created conditions suitable for life.
“The presence of reduced sulfur may have induced a hazy environment which led to the formation of greenhouse gases, such as SF6, that trap heat and liquid water,” said lead author Lucia Bellino. “The degassed sulfur species and redox conditions are also found in hydrothermal systems on Earth that sustain diverse microbial life.”
Volcanic Atmosphere
Researchers have long considered how volcanic eruptions shaped Mars’s atmosphere, but this study is the first to focus on how geologic processes altered the sulfur released. The analysis looked at how sulfur separated from other materials and merged into magma beneath the Martian crust.
Understanding these processes helps explain what types of sulfuric gases were released and how they contributed differently to the early Martian climate. Today, sulfur samples collected on Mars vary depending on location: surface samples often show sulfur bonded with oxygen, while meteorites contain large amounts of reduced sulfur.
“This indicates that sulfur cycling – the transition of sulfur to different forms – may have been a dominant process occurring on early Mars,” Bellino said.
Curiosity Discovers Sulfur
NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover offered supporting evidence last year when it broke open a Martian rock and revealed elemental sulfur inside—the first discovery of pure, unbound sulfur on the planet.
“We were very excited to see the news from NASA and a large outcrop of elemental sulfur,” said co-author Chenguang Sun. “One of the key takeaways from our research is that as S₂ was emitted, it would precipitate as elemental sulfur. When we started working on this project, there were no such known observations.”
Continuing the Search for Life on Mars
The University of Texas team plans to expand their simulations to examine Mars’s water cycle and other climate factors. They aim to understand whether volcanic activity could have generated large surface water reservoirs and whether sulfur could have served as a food source for ancient microbes, much like ecosystems around hydrothermal vents on Earth.

While today’s Mars averages a frigid –80°F, the modeled greenhouse emissions could have significantly warmed the young planet. The researchers hope their work will clarify just how warm ancient Mars may have been, and whether microbial life could have survived there.
The paper, “Volcanic Emission of Reduced Sulfur Species Shaped the Climate of Early Mars,” appeared in Science Advances on September 3, 2025.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.

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SOFREP Sunday Cartoon: Crocodile Tears in the Swamp

Military & Secret Tech / memoment editorial

There’s nothing quite like watching professional outrage merchants discover morality after three decades of setting the table for chaos. Suddenly, the same crowd that winked, nodded, and cashed checks while conservatives were painted as fair game now wants everyone to hold hands and sing Kumbaya. Too late. The music has already stopped.

A Mainstream Media That Pretends Shock
The assassination of Charlie Kirk ripped through the country like a bullet through glass—shattering illusions, cutting nerves raw, leaving nothing but shards, noise, and pain. And yet, instead of reckoning with their own fingerprints all over the culture of political violence, the usual suspects roll out their “thoughts and prayers” like a carpet woven from crocodile skin. They cry on cue. They pound the podium. They pretend they’re stunned.
But it’s the kind of shock you rehearse. When you’ve spent thirty years shrugging at bricks thrown through windows, mob beatings, and every kind of bile aimed at the right, the sudden shriek of “We must end all political violence immediately!” rings hollow.

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U.S. Navy gives first look at P-8A carrying LRASM in-flight

Military & Secret Tech / memoment editorial

The U.S Navy has provided Naval News with the first official view of a P-8 Poseidon carrying an AGM-158C Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM). This comes after spotters caught glimpses of a P-8A airborne with an LRASM under its wing.

Naval News first covered the integration efforts in 2023 when the U.S. Navy provided photos of a LRASM slung underneath the wing of a P-8A. These fit checks were performed in July 2020 at NAS Patuxent River, with a test aircraft inside a hangar. Since then, integration work has progressed to include flight testing, signifying an ongoing commitment to increase the amount of launch platforms for LRASM in U.S. Navy’s inventory.

The P-8A Poseidon has been in service with the United States Navy since 2012, replacing aging P-3 Orions which originally entered service in the 1960’s. Manufactured by Boeing, the jet’s basis is a variant of the 737-800 passenger airliner which has been extensively modified to perform maritime patrol missions.

The P-8 offers advanced maritime surveillance capabilities, tracking both ships and submarines through its suite of sensors including air-dropped sonobuoys and the AN/APY-10 surface search radar. Augmenting its sensors is the plane’s suite of available weapons, including MK-54 airdropped torpedoes, AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles and now the AGM-158C LRASM.

Integrating LRASMs into the P-8A fleet will drastically increase the ability of the U.S. Navy’s maritime patrol aircraft, enabling them to strike surface targets from a standoff distances with high-end weapons.

About the AGM-158C LRASM

NAS PATUXENT RIVER, Md. — An F-35 Lightning II test pilot conducts flight test Sept. 10 to certify the carrier variant of the fighter aircraft for carrying the AGM-158C Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM). U.S Navy Photo.

The LRASM is a stealthy anti-ship missile designed and built by Lockheed Martin. Originating as a variant of Lockheed’s AGM-158B JASSM-ER (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Weapon, Extended Range) land-attack missile, the LRASM features a greater than 200 nautical mile (370km) range, incorporating Radio-Frequency/IR guidance, datalink, and a stealthy design.

The latest AGM-158C-3 variant expected to be procured for the first time this fiscal year improves on the baseline design. The AGM-158C-3 baseline will offer improved beyond line of sight guidance capability, enhanced survivability, and other software upgrades.

Lockheed Martin’s LRASM is currently in service with the United States Air Force’s B-1B bomber as well as the U.S Navy’s F/A-18 E/F Super Hornets with integration work ongoing with the USAF’s F-15 fleet, B-52 bomber fleet, the Marine Corps and Navy’s F-35B/C Lightning II, and now the P-8A Poseidon. The LRASM has also been trialed for a surface launch variant, with the missile having an increasingly diverse set of launch platforms.

With the P-8A adding an additional standoff missile to it’s arsenal, the aircraft gains the ability to conduct complex, networked attacks from outside contested airspace. This aligns with the force’s intention of delivering networked capabilities to the fleet as part of Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2). According to the U.S. Navy, integration work between LRASM and the P-8A remains ongoing with additional tests expected.

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Ryugu Asteroid Discovery “Forces Us to Rethink” Origins of Water on Our Planet

Military & Secret Tech, Space & Science, UFOs & Disclosure / memoment editorial

Near-Earth asteroid Ryugu was previously covered in flowing water, say researchers examining samples returned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Hayabusa2 mission, with implications for scientists’ understanding of space impacts like those that formed Earth.
The manner in which Earth gained such an abundance of water has long been a blind spot in understanding the formation of our solar system. While researchers have long believed that asteroids composed of ice and dust, like Ryugu, brought the liquid to Earth, many details of the events are uncertain.
Analyzing Ryugu
In 2018, JAXA’s Hayabusa2 spacecraft landed rovers on Ryugu’s surface to supplement remote sensing data with direct rock samples. Some tiny pieces were eventually returned to Earth in 2020, giving scientists access to previously missing information about near-Earth objects.
“We found that Ryugu preserved a pristine record of water activity, evidence that fluids moved through its rocks far later than we expected,” said lead author Tsuyoshi Iizuka from the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of Tokyo. “This changes how we think about the long-term fate of water in asteroids. The water hung around for a long time and was not exhausted so quickly as thought.”
Two isotopes are present in the samples, lutetium and hafnium, to act as a radioactive clock, allowing scientists to measure geological processes by their radioactive decay. Based on previous work studying Ryugu, the researchers were fairly certain about the concentrations of the two isotopes that they would find in their analysis.
Unexpected Results
However, the measurements surprised them, with a much greater ratio of hafnium to lutetium than expected, suggesting something was washing the lutetium from the rocks.
“We thought that Ryugu’s chemical record would resemble certain meteorites already studied on Earth,” said Iizuka. “But the results were completely different. This meant we had to carefully rule out other possible explanations and eventually concluded that the Lu-Hf system was disturbed by late fluid flow.”
That disturbance most likely occurred on Ryugu’s larger parent asteroid, the researchers say. Such an event would have fractured rocks and melted ice, allowing for liquid water to begin flowing throughout, and possibly led to the discharge of Ryugu itself from the larger body. Such a finding indicated that carbonaceous asteroids like Ryugu may have contained much more water than previously suspected by two to threefold.
“The idea that Ryugu-like objects held on to ice for so long is remarkable,” said Iizuka. “It suggests that the building blocks of Earth were far wetter than we imagined. This forces us to rethink the starting conditions for our planet’s water system. Though it’s too early to say for sure, my team and others might build on this research to clarify things, including how and when our Earth became habitable.”
Challenges in Asteroid Research
Unfortunately, the researchers were only able to work with a sample smaller than a grain of rice, as the few grams of material returned from Ryugu have been divided up between many researchers. To mitigate the limitations of such a tiny amount of material, the team devised innovative techniques for separating the elements and increasing analytical precision, maximizing what could be gleaned.

“Our small sample size was a huge challenge,” recalled Iizuka. “We had to design new chemistry methods that minimized elemental loss while still isolating multiple elements from the same fragment. Without this, we could never have detected such subtle signs of late fluid activity.”
Next, the team is focusing on phosphate veins, which appear in the Ryugu samples, which will provide further context for the age of any liquid flow. Additionally, they seek to compare the findings with other asteroid samples, such as those NASA’s OSIRIS-REx collected from Bennu, to determine how unique Ryugu’s conditions may be. Continued research will provide further insight into how our planet acquired its life-giving water supply.
The paper, “Late Fluid Flow in a Primitive Asteroid Revealed by Lu-Hf Isotopes in Ryugu,” appeared in Nature on September 11, 2025.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.

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Cogs of War: Moving at the Speed of War with Horacio Rozanski of Booz Allen

Leave a Comment / Military & Secret Tech / memoment editorial

The future fight won’t be won by those with the biggest budgets, most polished strategies, or largest armies. It will be won by those who can translate breakthrough technology into usable capability at speed and scale. Ryan was joined by Horacio Rozanski, the CEO of Booz Allen, to talk about the role his company is playing in this race. Having reoriented Booz Allen into a technology integrator, he shares the cultural and organizational challenges of turning Booz Allen into a company of builders, the bets being made on emerging technologies, and how his personal journey — from immigrant to Booz Allen intern to CEO — shapes how he sees change. This is a special cross-posted episode of Cogs of War, our show on defense tech and industry. Click here to subscribe using your podcast app of choice: https://pod.link/1818133762

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From Alaska to the White House to the Battlefields of Ukraine

Leave a Comment / Military & Secret Tech / memoment editorial

In the wake of summits in Alaska and Washington, the war in Ukraine has become as much about competing diplomatic positions as it is about hard realities on the front. Ryan sat down with Dara Massicot and Mike Kofman to discuss what Putin really walked away with, how European leaders are trying to shore up Kyiv’s position, and whether the conversation over security guarantees could reshape the balance of the conflict. Along the way, they dig into the debate over territorial concessions, battlefield attrition, and what all of this means for Ukraine’s ability to endure.This episode is supported by Legion. Trusted by special operators and the Defense Department, Legion builds secure, agentic AI for the most sensitive environments — on local servers, in isolated networks, or in government clouds — without ever training on customer data. Learn more at: https://warontherocks.com/legion

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